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Overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture, husbandry and healthcare has led to antibiotics residues in the enviuronment and the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria that can be transferred into the human gut through food chain. Based on literatures, we reviewed the influence of bacterial resistance on intestinal flora and related immune regulation. Taking the source of antibiotic resistance to human intestinal flora as an entry point, we addressed the structure of human intestinal flora and the composition of drug resistance genes after exposure to pollutants. Moreover, we discussed the relationship among changes of intestinal flora, antibiotic resistance genes and immunomodulation related diseases. Last, we also indicated future research needs.
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Objective To study the effects of efflux pump inhibitors(CCCP and PAβN)on carbapenems in Pseudomonas aernginosa(P.aeruginosa)clinical isolates and investigate the association between the resistance to imipenem or meropenem and expression levels of efflux pumps of P.aeruginosa.Methods MICs of imipenem or meropenem combined with efflux pump inhibitors including carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP,107 strains)and Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide(PAβN,71 strains)against imipenem-resistant strains were determined by agar dilution method,and changes of MICs were observed.For 32 strains with different resistant phenotypes to imipenem and meropenem,the mRNA expression levels of three efflux pump genes(mexA,mexD and mexF)were quantified by real time fluorescent quantitative PCR.Results The resistance rate of imipenem and meropenem didn't prove any significant difference in the presence of efflux pump inhibitors.The X2 value of imipenem combined with CCCP and PAβN were 0.338 and 0.086,respectively(P＞0.05),while that of meropenem combined with CCCP and PAβN were 1.065 and 1.458(P＞0.05).No significant in MICs of carbapenems were seen in over half of P. aeruginesa isolates. MICs of carbapenems was significantly downregulated for 4-fold or above in eight isolates. Overexpression of efflux pumps genes were present in 24 of 27 carbapenem-resistant isolates(88. 9% ). Efflux pumps genes including MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ and MexEF-OprN were all overexpressed in 13 isolates,constituting 54. 2% of all carbapenem-resistant isolates. There were 3 isolates in which beth MexAB-OprM and MexCD-OprJ showed overexpression,constituting 12. 5%. Also,MexAB-OprM and MexEF-OprN overexpressed in 3 isolates. There were 2 isolates (8.3%) showing MexEF-OprN overexpression and MexAB-OprM alone. MexCD-OprJ didn't showed overexpression alone. Furthermore,the expression levels of efflux pumps genes mexA,mexD and mexF in isolates susceptible to both in imipenem and meropenem were 0. 48±0. 48,0. 48±0. 53 and 0. 30±0. 41,respectively,which were much lower than that in carbapenem-resistant ones (P＜0. 05 ). MexA gene was expressed at a higher level in meropenemresistant isolates than meropenem-susceptible ones (P＜0. 05 ). Conclusions When the concentration of CCCP and PAβN were 5 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml respectively,the efforts on the carhapenems resistance of P.aeruginosa were small Overexpression of MexAB-OprM might play an important role in meropenemresistance in P. aerugines. Overexpression of MexCD-OprJ and MexEF-OprN was associated with imipenemresistance. However,the relationship between them and meropenem-resistance need to be explored in the future.
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Objective To investigate the protective effects of Hypericum attenuatum Choisy. extract on experimental myocardial ischemia injury in mice. Methods The myocardial ischemia injury model was induced by isoproterenol in mice. The survival time of mice,the activities of LDH and CK in serum,the activity of SOD and level of MDA in myocardium were all measured. Results Compared with model group,Hypericum attenuatum Choisy. extract can prolong the survival time of mice after injured by isoproterenol in the close normobaric hypoxia,and decrease the activities of LDH and CK in serum. It can also increase the activity of SOD and decrease the level of MDA in myocardium. Conclusion Hypericum attenuatum Choisy. extract has protective effects on myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol in mice.